The general consensus of science emphasizes the principle of openness (Panel Sci. law.Īccording to Loshin (2002), data has intrinsic value as well as having added value as a byproduct of information processing, “at the core, the degree of ownership (and by corollary, the degree of responsibility) is driven by the value that each interested party derives from the use of that information”. Research data is recognized as a form of intellectual property and subject to protection by U.S. The range of these products encompasses the fields of art, industry, and science. Scofield (1998) suggest replacing the term ‘ownership’ with ‘stewardship’, “because it implies a broader responsibility where the user must consider the consequences of making changes over ‘his’ data”.Īccording to Garner (1999), individuals having intellectual property have rights to control intangible objects that are products of human intellect. Implicit in having control over access to data is the ability to share data with colleagues that promote advancement in a field of investigation (the notable exception to the unqualified sharing of data would be research involving human subjects). The control of information includes not just the ability to access, create, modify, package, derive benefit from, sell or remove data, but also the right to assign these access privileges to others (Loshin, 2002). Ownership implies power as well as control. The Royal Statistical Society acknowledged her contributions to health data by electing Florence Nightingale to membership-the first woman to be so honored-and the American Statistical Association made her an Honorary Member.Data ownership refers to both the possession of and responsibility for information. She argued (unsuccessfully) that Parliament should extend the 1860 census to collect data on sickness and disability, and she advocated for the creation of a Chair in Applied Statistics at Oxford University. She was skilled in mathematics and far ahead of her time in understanding the importance of health data. Although she lived as a recluse for the next 50 years, she continued to exert substantial influence on nursing and public health through letters, books, conference presentations, and personal persuasion. However, within a few more years she had become an invalid herself (suffering at age 40 from what may have been chronic fatigue syndrome). When Nightingale returned to London 3 years later, she was a national hero.
Within 6 months, the hospital case fatality had dropped to 2%. She had to overcome an inept and hostile military bureaucracy, which she did in part by paying for remediation from private sources, including her own funds. Nightingale addressed the more basic problems of providing decent food and water, ventilating the wards, and curbing rampant corruption that was decimating medical supplies. She put her nurses to work sanitizing the wards and bathing and clothing patients. 2Īlthough Nightingale did not accept the concept of bacterial infection, she deplored crowding and unsanitary conditions. According to Nightingale, the hospital case-fatality rate during the first months after her arrival was 32%. Sewage discharged onto floors of wards and dead animals rotted in the courtyards. The wards were vastly overcrowded, patients were covered with rags soiled with dried blood and excrement, the water supply was contaminated, and the food inedible. They found hospital conditions were far worse than reported. Nightingale and her team arrived in Turkey in November 1854. The Secretary was a friend of Nightingale's and knew her leadership skills. 1 Newspaper reports of unsanitary conditions at the military hospital had aroused the public, and the Secretary of War responded by appointing a team of nurses to address the situation. She first gained fame by leading a team of 38 nurses to staff an overseas hospital of the British army during the Crimean War.
Her substantial contributions to health statistics are less well known. Florence Nightingale is revered as the founder of modern nursing.
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